The gMOD Blog from the University of Minnesota

Emerging Physics - Part 1

Thu, 4 Mar 2010 07:54:08 -0600

In the paper “Emerging Physics for Novel Field Propulsion Science”, Drs. Jachem Hauser and co-author Walter Dröscher have published the most comprehensive paper to date on EHT-based gravity field propulsion. Presented at the SPESIF conference – a gathering of aerospace and propulsion engineers – Hauser incorporates supportive experimental results from Dr. Martin Tajmar’s (section co-chair) studies and positions EHT (Expanded Heim Theory) as the basis for a new technological domain making possible fuel-less propulsion with present day technology.

The paper begins with a review of advanced concepts in space propulsion that have been around for decades but which have made no significant progress in achievement. It then turns to the ESA studies conducted by Tajmar et al. who measured a frame-dragging effect (a gravitomagnetic effect predicted by general relativity) in his laboratory 18 orders of magnitude higher than predicted by GR. The gravitomagnetic force measured was as if the instruments were positioned on the surface of a white dwarf star.

EHT postulates that since this effect occurs only at cryogenic temperatures that a phase change takes place leading to novel particles. These “virtual particles are identified as imaginary mass electron pairs... producing a final force that is gravity-like.” The paper argues that unlike Tajmar’s experimental configuration which produced an azimuthal force, a device in which the gravitoelectric field is directed along the axis of rotation could be constructed generating a gravitomagnetic force capable of “lifting a sizable mass from the surface of the Earth” using currently available technology.

EHT argues that classical physics is incomplete in that it has failed to predict two additional fundamental force fields that are gravity-like and long-range in their effects. These gravity-like fields are acceleration fields that may be both attractive and repulsive. Along with Newtonian gravitation this results in a set of three gravitational fields coupling electromagnetism with gravitation and providing a basis not only for propulsion but for predicting both dark energy and dark matter.

EHT is based upon a geometrical model combining external spacetime (Minkowski metric of R4) encompassing all physical events and internal space (Heim space or H8) with its eight dimensions encompassing physical interactions and matter with the smallest discrete unit of space being the metron, a unit similarly defined by proponents of Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG).

Physical manifestations of geometry within H8 are represented by subgroups, each describing a Hermetry form representing particles and interactions. These particles may be “virtual particles of imaginary mass” describing transitory states during symmetry breaking achieved at cryogenic temperatures. Thus particles may exist as either ordinary matter or non-ordinary matter, but in concert uphold conservation principles of momentum and energy.

The paper further describes in detail the polymetric tensor and double coordinate transformation in a manner foreseen by Einstein through the geometrical properties of spacetime. The GR mono-metric transforms curvilinear coordinates to Euclidian coordinates to describe Newtonian gravitation. Heim space represents an interim transformation analogous (albiet roughly) to interim states of a chemical reaction. Therefore Heim space complements GR. If Heim space did not exist, its polymetric tensor would simply collapse mathematically to the mono-metric of GR.

By extracting terms, the complete polymetric tensor with 64 terms is eventually reduced to 15 different Hermetry forms which include six fundamental forces of nature including gravitation and two gravity-like forces.

EHT contrasts starkly with elementary particle physics. In the standard model particles possess their own existence. In EHT the existence of particles are a consequence of the geometry of internal space. Internal space (H8) comprises four subspaces denoted R3 and T1 (the dimensions recognized by GR), S2 and I2. In physical terms, R3 subspace coordinates are responsible for the existence of mass, S2 for the formation of organizational structures (neg-entropy), I2 for information structures (entropy) and T1 for the existence of charges.

Though not referenced in this paper, similarities to the key role of organizational structures and information structures for determining entropy have been reflected in 2009 presentations by Erik Verlinde who suggested that gravity as an entropic emergent force from spacetime. This view that the universe is an information structure is also supported by the holographic principle.

In Part 2 - Ordinary and Non-Ordinary Matter, Imaginary Matter and Space Drives

Black Swans: GME-2 and Orbo

Fri, 11 Dec 2009 17:03:26 -0600

"Black swans" are the extraordinary exceptions of scientific discovery most likely to increase economic competitiveness and cause profound shifts in our ordered world. On November 21, I presented at MinneBar, the Minnesota Bar Camp's "unconference" on the topic of black swans. It was held at the corporate headquarters of Best Buy in Minneapolis.

After a little background on myself and the nature of black swans, I gave two examples of potential candidates already discovered but yet to be widely recognized as valid discoveries: GME-2, the gravity propulsion configuration as proposed by Droscher and Hauser, and Orbo, the overunity technology claimed by Irish firm Steorn. Information for the GME-2 portion of the presentation was largely pulled from my upcoming book. Information for Orbo was all pulled from publicly available sources.

The presentation addressed the question of whether after their discovery (since their discovery is random) technology black swans can be leveraged to improve local economies before they have been recognized as true breakthroughs by the many who would exploit them.

After the presentation I provided a revised version of the slideshow. It can be accessed HERE.

©2009 Gregory Daigle

Gravitational Field Propulsion

Sun, 27 Sep 2009 10:27:37 -0500

Walter Dröscher and Jochem Hauser have published a new paper for the 45th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit and Dr. Hauser presented it last month in Denver, Colorado.

The title is "Gravitational Field Propulsion" and it is accessible at: http://www.hpcc-space.de/publications/documents/AIAA-2009-5069-885Gravitational_Field_Propulsion.pdf

Be sure to read the corrections here: http://www.hpcc-space.de

It is to date the most comprehensive and complete overview of Extended Heim Theory and includes several sections that are either completely new or expand upon areas only mentioned before in passing. It also ties current EHT to their prior award-winning AIAA paper on subliminal space travel. This is a must read.

The paper clearly recounts the experiments of Tajmar, et al. and does an in-depth analysis vis-a-vis EHT, Dr. Tajmar having given D&H access to his data. The paper also presents a very clear picture of the novel physics required by EHT and demonstrated in Tajmar's experiments for ESA and ARC.

Items of particular note include:

1) Non-Ordinary Matter (NOM): Virtual particles with imaginary mass (but real charge) that lead to novel groups including graivtophotons and quintessence particles. In EHT, dark matter is composed of a new class of particles, the NOM neutral leptons (fermions, though not neutrinos), but these are not WIMPS (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) and have roughly the same inertial mass as electrons.

2) During spontaneous symmetry breaking similar to that of superconductors or ferromagnets, symmetry is regained by generation of NOMs which are subsequently converted into gravitophotons. This unique symmetry breaking for gravitational fields is termed "gravitomagnetic symmetry breaking (GSB), which is associated with the formation of virtual electrons and protons.

3) A clear step-wise description of the Production mechanism for Imaginary Matter (PIM).

4) Describes in detail the experimental basis for gravitational fields in setups by Tajmar et al. and Graham as well as Gravity Probe-B. Also, a parsing of the three different types of Gravitational Experiments discerned: GE1: gravitomagnetic twisting of spacetime; GE2: gravity-like acceleration; GE3: the long-proposed vertical gravity-like acceleration field for GME2.

5) A clear comparison of the two coupling mechanisms: fermion and boson.

6) A description of the physical processes in setups covering rotation of the Nb-ring, rotation of the Nb-ring plus Al sample holder (and liquid He), Al sample holder alone, and the conversion from an electromagnetic to gravitomagnetic field.

7) Finally, a specification list for GME2:
- a mass placed above the rotating disk of 3.15 x 10^3 kg
- rotation speed of 200 m/s
- coil of 1 m diameter with 2,500 turns and current of 8 A
- cross sectional area of coil at about 2.5 x 10^-2 m^2
- a total spacecraft mass is assumed to be 150 x 10^3 kg
(165 short tons)
- generation of a force of 1.98 x 10^6N or 2.0 x 10^5 kg
(222 short tons)

These figures came with a reference to a forthcoming review article to recompute these numbers.

I can't help but think that this grand restatement of EHT, Tajmar's experiments, GP-B, and references to the first AIAA article on space travel through parallel space is a prelude to a groundbreaking paper reporting on the experimental results of GME2.

©2009 Gregory Daigle

A Clean Energy Excerpt

Wed, 22 Jul 2009 14:06:17 -0500

... from gMOD - The Book
There are several companies working on prototype wind power plants to capture the ambient energy in high altitude wind. Integrated into inflatable balloons the wind plants are floated aloft to altitudes as high as 12,000 meters above ground level. A recent global assessment of wind power at high altitudes has shown that the highest wind power densities are near 10,000 meters over Japan and eastern China, the eastern coast of the United States, southern Australia, and north-eastern Africa.
One can imagine a fleet of gravitecture-enabled wind plants sent aloft to high-altitudes to harvest wind energy when the power density is at its peak. Power plants would rise and collecting sufficient energy to meet their operational needs as well a sufficient power for local urban needs, storing it within the plant's array of supercapacitors.
But perhaps a high-altitude wind plant is not required at all. Rather than sending a wind plant up to find the suitable winds, gMOD might bring the winds down to the ground. Depending upon the range of gMOD fields that can be produced, the creation of a diffuse wide-area hypergravity field on the ground should attract air masses aloft downward. This would produce a movement of air similar to the natural meteorological occurrence of a downdraft where a more dense cold air riding over a mass of warmer air sinks toward the ground.
In nature if a downdraft is of sufficient size it can cause what is termed a "microburst" - a sinking column of air which is associated with "straight line" winds. Microbursts often form below concentrated rain shafts known as virga shafts, though "dry bursts" without accompanying precipitation are also possible. Both can cause severe hazards around airports and produce winds with speeds as high as 168 mph (270 km/h). Once the downdraft reaches the ground the winds tend to spread horizontally as straight line winds.
At the base of the downdraft a vortex ring surrounding the column may form strengthening after initially impacting the ground. A gMOD enabled continuous microburst could be engineered to produce a continuous vortex on or near the ground. A ground-station vortex turbine capturing the microburst would have access to energy densities as great or greater than a high altitude wind plant, plus all the advantages of a ground-based plant's enduring connection to the power grid. It would also have the added benefit that the wind would be not be intermittent but could be stopped for maintenance by turning off the attractive gravity field.
©2009 Gregory Daigle

gMOD – The Book

Thu, 28 May 2009 11:01:49 -0500

I'd like to announce the publication of my book on gMOD later this year. It will cover many of the points listed in the discussion and blog as well as some new ones. Here are excerpts from the chapter on Gravitecture:

The introduction of gMOD technology is a game-changer for urban planners. Planners and architects will face new design capabilities making possible transit infrastructures that have only been imagined in science fiction and building structures that are both gravity-defying and awe inspiring. As remarkable as cityscapes will be, the new designs of gMOD supplemented architecture (termed “gravitecture” to distinguish it from non-gMOD edifices) go far beyond their mere physical presence. The potential for buildings to shift their location and elevation within a city to take advantage of sunlight and a view is perhaps the most extreme example.

Entire floating castles, cities and islands have been portrayed in art, film and literature. The "magic realist" painter Rene Magritte played with our assumptions about perspective and reality by painting scenes presenting a visual dissonance unachievable in the real world. In his 1959 painting The Castle of the Pyrenees a castle of stone atop a huge oblong mountain floats over a sea. As portrayed in television’s original Star Trek series, through film in Episode 5 of the Star Wars saga and in science fiction literature such as James Blish's science fiction novel Cities in Flight, entire cities become complete self-contained ships with little connection or reference to what lies below or beyond their walls.

Before we can talk about the benefits or drawbacks for buildings that exist as autonomous structures not permanently affixed to the ground we should first parse the different levels of augmentation that could be made possible through gMOD. At the low end of impact in this range a combination of thrust and standing force fields (see chapter on Inventors for a more complete listing of force fields) would provide a gravity-assist to reinforce existing conventional buildings against earthquakes, flood and high winds. The incentives to design untethered (or unmoored) floating buildings are many. They include no associated land costs, an unobstructed view (at least until neighboring buildings are launched), flexibility in selecting location and the ability to relocate which includes an ability to pursue a transient or ephemeral lifestyle for the ultimate wanderlust.

If the distinction between private property (e.g. a vehicle) or real property (land) is determined by affixation to land, then what if the residence is primarily positioned but not affixed to a land parcel and untethered? In addition to depleting property value by not affixing or tethering improvements (i.e. a building) there would also be huge negative economic impacts on land values in large cities if anyone could live at an elevation equivalent to a penthouse apartment.

What new regulations would have to be enjoined to allow buildings to use the airspace of existing cities? Does gravitecture have any land parcel rights? Can a bundle of property rights associated with a piece of land be transfered to non-land properties?

©2009 Gregory Daigle

Emerging Physics for Novel Field Propulsion

Tue, 21 Apr 2009 12:47:57 -0500

Last month Dr. Jochem Häuser gave his talk at the Aerospace Museum of California on McClellan Air Force Base near Sacramento, CA. The topic of his talk was "Emerging Physics for Novel Field Propulsion". A full version of his supporting paper was co-authored with Dr. Walter Dröscher.

The paper reviews their novel concepts that might lead to advanced space propulsion technology based on gravitational-like force fields. In it they analyze the latest gravitomagnetic experiments performed at ARC Seibersdorf. They also discuss their re-interpretation of the general symmetry breaking mechanism leading to virtual particles of imaginary mass, which in turn, should be responsible for the conversion of electromagnetic into gravitational energy. They then go on to describe a novel experiment for the generation of a gravity-like field that could serve directly as a propulsion principle.

Largely this paper is a refined and succinct restatement of their current position with regards to Extended Heim Theory (EHT) and concludes with how best to advance the state of gravity-field like research and application. They state that, "...gravity-like ﬁelds most likely would lead to novel technologies in the general ﬁeld of transportation, and thus should be of major interest to the public and, in particular, to industry. In addition, these ﬁelds might also be usable in energy generation."

Also of interest is the mention of a shield effect by steel and multi-layer insulation (of the type used in spacecraft) that is predicted by EHT. One would surmise that the use of thin-layer materials such as MLI could then be employed to shield the effect selectively, producing a more easily manipulated and directed field.

Finally there is this mention, "Of even more practical importance would be the aspect of energy conversion from direct interaction between electromagnetism and gravitation or from employing gravity-like ﬁelds in nuclear fusion, for instance, in magnetic mirrors."

In that one statement lies the hint that their work continues in the exploration of deriving energy directly from the interplay of magnetic and gravity-like fields. This gives an indication that one or both are still pursuing a patent to produce a source of clean energy (see this entry).

In the past I have noted that a focused gravity-like field could be employed to separate materials much like an ultracentrifuge. I have also noted how this might have dire implications for nuclear proliferation if employed in the separation of transuranic materials. But Drs. Häuser and Dröscher extend the potential more benevolently by suggesting that gravity-like fields might be employed to achieve hot nuclear fusion and thus bring this almost unlimited energy technology closer to realization.

Hot fusion from application of gravity-like fields? Theirs is a wonderfully ambitious prognostication.

©2009 Gregory Daigle

Passive Manipulation of Gravito-Photons with Metamaterials?

Wed, 18 Mar 2009 07:22:47 -0500

In H.G. Wells' novel The First Men in the Moon a scientist discovers "cavorite”, a mineral impervious to gravity that can also shield other materials from its effects. The search for materials with the ability to modify gravity have long been considered science fiction. But recently a paper by Minter, Wegter-McNelly and Chiao suggested that hypothesized High Frequency Gravity Waves (HFGWs) might be able to be reflected like a mirror by thin superconducting films when Cooper pairs are in motion. http://arxiv.org/abs/0903.0661

Whether this will be the case is uncertain and Chiao has had some setbacks with his "gravity-radio" experiments in 2003, but of greater interest to myself is not whether any passive material may be able to interact with gravity waves or gravitons to redirect their paths, but whether there are materials that would be able to interact with gravito-photons, the hypothesized particles in Extended Heim Theory.

My candidate would be metamaterials.

Metamaterials have been modeled to manipulate photons to create invisibility cloaks in a manner analogous to the warping of space by gravity. Researchers such as Ulf Leonhardt of the University of St. Andrews, John Pendry of Imperial College London and Dr Guenneau, at the University of Liverpools’s Department of Mathematical Science are just a few of the theoreticians that have made clear the potential of metamaterials.

They have also shown how metamaterials can mimic phenomena that have been associated with manipulations of space-time. Dr. Guenneau, explains. “Using this new computer model we can prove that light can bend around an object under a cloak and is not diffracted by the object. This happens because the metamaterial that makes up the cloak stretches the metrics of space, in a similar way to what heavy planets and stars do for the metrics of space-time in Einstein’s general relativity theory. http://www.physorg.com/news97945163.html

Ulf Leonhardt of the University of St Andrews in the UK working independently of John Pendry of Imperial College London, says, "This research shows how much electromagnetic or optical instruments can do... Interestingly, the new calculations are inspired by the geometry of curved space -- a discipline that is normally in the firm hands of researchers in general relativity."

There was also an article and news release on the creation of a fiber-optical analogue of the event horizon of a black hole. It simulated a gravitational phenomenon through the use of photonic-crystal fibers. A description of other instances of this effect is here: http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~ulf/fibre.htm

A paper published in the March 2009 issue of Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Review, "Cloaking Devices, Electromagnetic Wormholes, and Transformation Optics," presents an overview of the theoretical developments in cloaking from a mathematical perspective. The cloaking version of a wormhole allows for an invisible tunnel between two points in space through which electromagnetic waves can be transmitted. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/080716827

Researchers at Imperial College London have even fabricated zero-frequency metamaterial cloaks for magnetic fields. With such a close relationship between metamaterials and optical analogues of gravity events, and the generation of gravito-photons through gravito-magnetic interactions, perhaps one day metamaterials will be able to be designed to passively interact with propulsion or standing fields produced by gravito-photons. This might include the ability to pass through them, reflect them, or shape them to form gravito-lenses on a small scale.

©2009 Gregory Daigle

AIAA Lecture Series

Mon, 9 Mar 2009 22:35:23 -0500

 The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) is sponsoring a dinner lecture series this Friday in Sacramento, California featuring a presentation by Dr. Jochem Häuser, co-author with Walter Dröscher on Extended Heim Theory.
The announcement reads as follows:
Dr. Häuser will be joining us from Saltzgitter, Germany, to present: Emerging Physics for Novel Field Propulsion Abstract: In this talk we present and discuss novel physical concepts that might lead to advanced space propulsion technology based on novel gravitational-like force fields. Such a propulsion technology would be working without propellant. This technology is based on the existence of two additional gravity-like fields, which are gravitational fields that are not described by conventional gravitation.
The paper begins with an introduction of the present theoretical and experimental concepts pertaining to the novel physics of these gravity-like fields. In the following section, the latest gravitomagnetic experiments performed at ARC Seibersdorf (2008) [refers to research by Dr. Martin Tajmar - editor] are analyzed, and a qualitative explanation for the highly varying measured results is given.
In section three, the physical basis (termed Extended Heim Theory, EHT) employed in the explanation of the ARC experiments is presented. EHT, based on the construction of a poly-metric (geometric approach), which is obtained by providing each point of external spacetime with an internal 8D space (Heim space), requires the existence of six fundamental interactions, three gravitational fields, which are both attractive and repulsive as well as the known electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces. Moreover, from the interpretation of the poly-metric, the existence of ordinary matter (fermions and bosons) as well as non-ordinary matter (virtual imaginary particles as well as stable neutral (heavy) lepton particles with rest mass) is postulated.
It is shown that conservation principles need to be applied to the complete physical system containing both types of matter. Furthermore, it is argued that the re-interpretation of the general symmetry breaking mechanism leads to virtual particles of imaginary mass, which in turn, should be responsible for the conversion of electromagnetic into gravitational energy (ARC experiments).
In section four, based on this conversion, the physical mechanism underlying the ARC experiments is discussed and comparison of EHT predictions and measured results are given. Arguments will be provided to ensure the consistency of the ARC measurements. The last section, based on the results of EHT, is dedicated to describe a novel experiment for the generation of a gravity-like field (acceleration field) that could serve directly as a propulsion principle, since the direction of the force should be along the axis of rotation of the disk (ring in ARC experiments) and not in the circumferential direction as is the case in the ARC experiments. Furthermore, the scaling of this experiment will be discussed and calculations will be given that show that a substantial force should be producible with current technology.
In the Conclusions the validity and consistency of gravitomagnetic experiments performed is argued and their relation to the existence of six fundamental forces is debated. The widespread scientific and technological consequences of gravity-like fields in the general area of transportation (earthbound, air and space), physics as well as cosmology are also outlined. Finally, recommendations are made how the state of gravity-field like research could be advanced both theoretically and experimentally.
Friday, March 13, 6-8:30pm, $15 - Students; $20 - Members; $25 - Non-Members

Combating Effects of Global Warming

Wed, 25 Feb 2009 17:27:02 -0600

In a new report “Climate Change: Adapting to the Inevitable?”, published by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the authors state: “Changes in climate conditions will present engineers with a wide range of challenges. These challenges relate to how existing infrastructure and buildings may need to change to function under a new climate system, and how new systems can be designed and built to function under a different climate, thereby helping the world to adapt.“

How might these challenges be better addressed through the application of gravity modification technology for combating the effects of global warming? Implementations of gMOD such as lifting structures, retaining floodwaters and abating other effects of climate change brought on by fossil fuels may turn out to be economically viable solutions once gravity is under our control.

While the report focuses upon design changes that will “increase the resilience of infrastructure systems and components”, new technological domains such as gMOD could offer tools and tactics to ameliorate the impact of climate change. Countries such China, Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia face increasing sea levels that threaten their economies. Countries in central Europe and Africa face direct threat to their populations and energy independence as they enter cycles of drought and sweltering heat.

Environmental perturbation threatens the continued development of societies, their economies and channels scarce resources into the relocation of large populations from coastal regions. Tens or hundreds of billions of dollars to address these changes are at stake. So technological solutions – even nascent ones such as gMOD – are worth exploring for their potential application.

Adapting

The report focuses upon our ability to adapt to change as well as continue efforts to use less fossil fuels, develop carbon-neutral energy technologies, capture and store carbon and assist more vulnerable countries. One of the first challenges under adaptation is to our coast regions.

The increased probability of flooding can be attenuated by use of gMOD to produce standing fields to act as virtual dykes and retaining walls. This is especially important for the continued operation of non-nuclear and nuclear power generation facilities that have been located on the coast or on flood plains to provide easy access to water for cooling requirements. Use of gMOD to provide extensive standing fields comparable to the seawalls of the Netherlands is not feasible except in cases of very short term application such as preventing storm surges during hurricanes or typhoons.

As highway transportation routes in coastal districts become flooded the most immediate short-term strategy might be to raise highway beds and relocated bridges. These coastal districts might provide the first opportunity to deploy gMOD assisted bridge structures or gravity-assist car ferries to convey passengers and vehicles.

Eventually a complete Intelligent Transportation System integrated with metro-wide WiFi and GPS systems will allow autonomous gravityships to replace ground freight transportation for shipping and logistics. Increased reliability will lead to gravity-assisted passenger vehicles and current infrastructure of highways and bridges will give way to digital infrastructures for managing traffic in Class G airspace – at altitudes 1200 feet above ground level. However the transition time for such a transition (total replacement will likely never be achieved) will take decades and is on the order of creating a national highway system.

Relocating residential areas away from flood plains to reduce the risk of flooding means that urban densities may need to be increased. Enhancing building engineering techniques through gMOD would allow for taller building designs through load reduction. Use of “floating architecture” techniques applied to single residences and multifamily dwellings would allow their aggregation in vertically “layered” urban spaces. Such a redistribution may be permanent or merely transient as weather patterns suggest precautionary relocation.

As climate change increases the perturbations in weather patterns contribute to long term heat spells and drought. As suggested in this blog in December, gMOD could be employed to mine and transport portions of glaciers ready to calf into the ocean thus reducing (or delaying) sea level increase while recharging ground water reserves in drought stricken regions.

A less Herculean task would be to employ gMOD stationary platforms to vertically moor large but light weight sun screens and filters to reduce heat infiltration and reflect light away from glaciers in order to slow their melting. Similar shades could also be employed to reduce the urban island heat effect in metropolitan areas and urban spaces.

Antarctic and Greenland glaciers continue to melt at a rate of 36 cubic miles per year. It has been noted by researchers that the loss of weight currently forcing the Antarctic landmass down will cause the continent rebound and displace more ocean as the continental shelf rises. The gravitational attraction of surrounding ocean waters to the six thousand foot Antarctic glaciers will be lost when they melt. This will reduce the ice mass’s current tidal effects in the southern oceans and further increase sea levels elsewhere.

One potential deployment of gMOD would be to create thousands or tens of thousands of gravitationally attractive zones throughout mid-ocean areas to lift water above sea level thus reducing sea levels in temperate coastal zones. Should one or a few zones fail the resultant mid-oceanic wave produced would be small compared to tsunamis caused by earthquakes or sea mound collapses.

Energy

Modifying gravity and generating fields for propulsion, repulsion, standing walls, etc. does not at first glance appear to be a means for generating power. However, Extended Heim Theory theorist Walter Dröscher has already filed patents for producing energy through the artificial gravity generated by gravitophotons. More on this patent is not currently known but the nature of experimental results may shed some light.

Dr. Martin Tajmar’s experimental results in generating gravitomagnetic fields by the rotation of condensed matter measured effects thirty orders of magnitude larger than predicted by general relativity. That is, the fields detected in his laboratory were a thousand billion billion billion times greater than classical gravity should be able to explain.

It should be noted that Noether’s First Theorem predicts that energy is conserved for energy transactions that do not vary over time. Should an exchange of energy – such as the transition of potential energy to kinetic energy when a ball is dropped – be different on Tuesdays than it is on Thursdays then symmetry is lost and the system is non-conservative.

Imagine a waterwheel where the energy of falling water under the influence of gravity (gravitons) is less than that required to lift the same volume of water under the influence of gMOD (gravitophotons). Clearly this system is non-conservative and would result in excess energy that could be transmitted through a waterwheel to turn electric turbines.

Even without direct energy production the usage of fossil fuels could be reduced by gMOD through its potential to lighten loads in rail and air transportation and thereby friction in engines and powertrains. Airplanes and highway vehicles would run more efficiently and consumption of fuel – whether fossil fuel or renewable biofuels – would be reduced.

Carbon

So gMOD might help us adapt to the changing environment and generate cleaner energy. But even as we transition to cleaner technologies the atmospheric levels of carbon will continue to increase until carbon production is reduced to a level than can be countered by the absorptive capabilities of our oceans and forests. Can gMOD be employed to absorb and store carbon directly?

A uniformly accelerating system is considered equivalent to a local gravitational field according to Einstein's Principal of Equivalence. Under this principal the difference between centrifugal forces and gravity cannot be distinguished by an observer inside the system. Any process requiring a centrifuge to separate materials by their specific gravity could be reproduced by a suitable artificial gravity field. Such centrifuging could be applied to the bulk separation of liquids and gaseous aggregates.

Carbon dioxide has a higher specific gravity than oxygen or nitrogen. In the atmosphere it could be separated from the atmosphere by a gMOD-moderated centrifuge. Stations could be established at sources of CO2 such as industrial smokestacks or extraction sites for natural gas. CO2 could then be contained under pressure and shipped to storage facilities. If credence is given to inventors Wallace and Hollingshead then lower temperatures in the range of 100K accompany artificial gravitational field generation and the gas may be frozen as a solid and shipped more conveniently.

Technology Transfer

Sharing this technology with developing nations facing imminent coastal inundation would minimize disruption of world markets. Because economic distress can be accompanied by political strife, technology transfer to adapt to climate change may help those countries remain politically stable.

Of course, any new technology has its risks and gMOD does provide an opportunity to utilize it capabilities for non-benevolent purposes – from crowd control and military uses to centrifugal separation of transuranic isotopes.

---------------

As noted in the IME report, “the implementation of these solutions and their further innovation will depend on political, economic and social will”. The use of gMOD for coping with climate change will similarly depend upon political, economic and social will and involve substantial cultural change as well. But in the end the transition to a more flexible and robust system employing gMOD to counter changes in our environment brought about by our own actions will better position us for continued growth and opportunity in the last half of this century.

©2009 Gregory Daigle

Tenuous Connections: Part 1

Sun, 25 Jan 2009 15:35:30 -0600

Hollingshead-Wallace-Dröscher/Hauser

The following discussion attempts to articulate some similarities between mechanisms behind Dröscher and Hauser's (D&H) Extended Heim Theory (EHT) and Hollingshead's Marcus Device. Connections between the nascent EHT and Hollingshead’s unproven technology are extremely speculative yet intriguing.

The inventor Marcus Hollingshead (referred to in earlier entries here and here) stated several years ago that according to analysts at a Cambridge physics lab a proton is "pushed to become a neutron" in the nuclei of his device's central iron "Rp". The result according to Hollingshead is the production of local gravity lensing, cooling effects, force fields and also "by-products" (ionizing radiation) which presumably are due to a nuclear mechanism.

Hollingshead hypothesized no specific nuclear mechanism, but I have often wondered if other gMOD claimants may have posited a nuclear mechanism for devices exhibiting similar side effects. There is one: Henry Wm Wallace.

Is Wallace's proposed nuclear mechanism a good fit for Hollingshead's claims? I'll save the look at claimed force field similarities for a later date. Today the focus is upon potential mechanism and reported similarities in cooling effects.

Comparisons to Wallace

The mechanism for the heat pump lowering the temperature (down to 100K) of Hollingshead's Marcus Device may have been elucidated within Wallace's US Patents No. 3626606 and 3823570. Wallace, a scientist at GE Aerospace, was issued patents in the early 1970s for the generation of a time-variant "kinemassic" (gravitomagnetic) field. He posited that a refrigeration effect concomitant with a gMOD effect was due to "polarization of the spin nuclei of the lattice structure due to the polarization effects of the applied kinemassic force field. The polarization results in a change in the specific heat property of the crystal material". As a result the lattice vibrations (phonons) within a target crystalline structure established an appreciable temperature reduction.

Wallace posited that by aligning the nuclear spin of materials having an odd number of protons and neutrons (any material with an odd number of protons and neutrons is a fermion) greater order is created in the material thus resulting in a change in specific heat. Heat flows away from the material and thus it acts as a heat pump.

The resultant precession of nuclear angular momentum was suggested to be similar to a rapidly spinning ferrous material. Wallace said that there was an analogy between un-paired angular momentum in these materials and the un-paired magnetic moments of electrons in ferromagnetic materials.

Wallace is unclear about his exact meaning of "polarization of the spin nuclei" and the magnitude of the effect. However, there is a well-studied phenomenon, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), which is a phenomenon that make possible highly accurate MRI medical imaging. DNP has been intensively investigated since the 1950s, primarily at low magnetic fields. DNP is considered one of several techniques for hyperpolarization, the nuclear spin polarization of a material far beyond thermal equilibrium conditions (down to cryogenic levels).

Thus a well-established phenomenon, DNP, which is achieved at low magnetic field strength could be a basis for Hollingsheads' reported cooling effects if Hollingshead’s device can be tied to DNP.

Assuming Wallace's nuclear mechanism underlies the cooling of the Marcus Device, does Wallace’s “kinemassic force” further connect to Dröscher and Hauser’s gravitophoton mechanism?

Comparisions to D&H

Dröscher and Hauser (D&H) and their Extended Heim Theory provide a theoretical basis for the experimental results found by Martin Tajmar. Tajmar's results (as suggested by D&H) suggest a coupling to massive Cooper pair (electron pair) bosons produced by superconducting niobium.

In Tajmar’s experiments the superconductivity provides for spontaneous symmetry breaking, forming Cooper pairs occurs at very low temperatures responsible for the Meissner effect. This means that the magnetic field lines cannot penetrate into the medium and remains in a thin layer on the surface. D&H state, “Hence, there is a finite range electromagnetic field, which corresponds to a massive photon. The penetration depth of the field is associated with the wavelength of the photon and is mass is determined by its Compton wave length”.

According to D&H such coupling has much lower requirements in terms of magnetic field strength, current densities, etc. to produce an equivalent effect with fermionic coupling. Perhaps Wallace’s gMOD effect is due to bosonic coupling to the phonons in the crystalline lattice of his material, but fermionic coupling through the proton seems less likely to provide a measurable effect.

Where does this leave Hollingshead? His device employed low level magnetic fields suitable for DNP, but the lack of crystalline lattice materials (except perhaps for the existence of ferrite cubic lattice structures in his pure iron Rp) leaves us wanting a suitable boson candidate for coupling.

But if the materials of the Rp are lacking in suitability, perhaps its structure revives its candidacy. The Rp had an iron core surrounded by several layers of Kapton dielectric and thin (1.5 mm) iron shells. The electromagnet coils pulsed the Rp at closest approach but the dielectric would have isolated the depth of the magnetic field to the thickness of the shell, much like a ferrite ring isolates the field of an attached magnet. This depth of the shell is very much greater than a comparable penetration depth due to the Meissner effect, but perhaps it too generates a photon sufficiently massive.

Since the Marcus Device is a highly charged device (4.2 Kva in its iron core coils and capacitive Rp) perhaps this energetic state capable of producing ionizing radiation contributes to a massive photon... or does so enhanced by coupling to phonons in the crystalline structure of pure iron.

So some key questions for further inquiry are:

• Do D&H's proposed absorption of gravitophotons by protons also result in polarization of the spin nuclei? And if so, does this realignment lead to Hollingshead’s cooling effect? 
• Can gravitophotons (either attractive or repulsive) couple with phonons in crystalline lattice materials?  
• Does Hollingshead’s device produce finite range electromagnetic fields suitable for producing massive photons?

©2009 Gregory Daigle